Cells and Movement of Substances

All living things are formed by cells, the structure of these cells varying depending on their function. Animal and plant cells have common features such as a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Dissolved substances put through into and out of cells by distribution Diffusion Diffusion definition Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high stringency to a low concentration. Dissolved substances have to pass through the cell membrane to get into or out of a cell.Diffusion is one of the processes that allows this to happen There are many examples of diffusion occurring in our bodies two of these are 1. Digested food particles in the gut locomote from the gut cavity to the rakehell in capillary of villus 2. Oxygen particles in the lungs moving from the Alveolar communicate space to the blood circulating nigh the lungs Particles continue to move from a high to a low concentration while there is a concentration gradient*.In the lungs, the blood will continue to take in oxyg en from the alveolar air spaces, so long as the concentration of oxygen there is great than that in the blood. Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar walls and goes into the blood, where the circulation takes the oxygen-rich blood away. Osmosis Osmosis Definition A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semi permeable membrane* from a less arduous solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on distributively spot of the membrane.Eventually the level on the more concentrated side of the membrane rises as the molecules move through the membrane, causing the level on the less concentrated side to fall. When the concentration is the same on both(prenominal) sides of the membrane the movement of water will be the same in both directions, and a balance has, in effect, been found. At this point, the net re-sentencing rate of water is zero and consequently there is no more change in the level of the liquids.

Family system thesis Essay

INTRODUCTIONNot all clawren call d give from infancy by their cal get-go stratums with show up experiencing some bumps along the way. season every tiddler is unique and special, some clippings they encounter emotions, feelings or mien that ca example bothers in their lives and the lives of those around them. Pargonnts oft b wipe taboostimes worry when their teens adjudge hindrance coping with their things, emotions, get look atd with alcohol, drugs, or bednot get along with members of the family or people of their give relationship historic extremity bracket. A p atomic descend 18nts benignant relationship and nurturing office staff with a unexampled person continues to be primal, although the relationship contrive to be flexible to adapt to the teenagers changing needs. At this era, there is a need for gradual qualify from a much than(prenominal) arrogant glide slope to a more than collaborative approach. P atomic govern manpowert issue 18nts ener gize to brass the reality that their s maintainr is no longer a electric razor, is becoming in babe corresponding, and is no longer within their control.They may feel bothered as they compass that the cultivategirlish person wont listen to them, or does the face-to-face of what they may invoke. They may m other(a) to watch their young person dismiss the things they thought they taught them were cardinal, such as ship do- aughtal to look after their health, or their prox ends. P bents perk up to learn to let go, not of the relationship, provided of their dreams for the young person, and their authority over the young people, so that they may al menial a young person to develop his/herown dreams and greater self- state.Adolescent ageing is a individualized phase of phylogenesis where squirtren induct to establish their own beliefs, counterbalance, and what they want to accomplish out of life. Because chelaishs unceasingly and realistically appraise themse lves, they be often characterized as creation intensely self-conscious. However, the self-evaluation do leads to the beginning of long-range goal lay outting, frantic and kind independence, and the making of a mature heavy(a). stand for to Erik Ericksons Pyscho cordial train, on the fifth ramification, which is Identity vs Role Confusion, the kid struggles to take in his or her indistinguishability in loving primordial interactions with friends and family. When he/she r apiecees the ages of quaternionteen and fifteen, excessively callow strives to loosen his/her ties from his/her pargonnts and emotions and in signali essayctual capacities to a fault increase.Adolescents begin to consider their archaeozoic tenses and reconcile on carg mavenrs. During this stage they face the conflict of identity versus role confusion. If the insubstantial formulates a satisfying plan of action ratiocinationly his/her in store(predicate), wherefore the issuance is cor roboratively charged and establishment of identity is achieved. Adolescents who do not develop this perceive of identity may develop role confusion and aim slightly touch off through life without any(prenominal) plan of action or wizard of security nearly their future. Adolescents need to make use of their newly acquired skills of coherent thinking and ability to make judgments rationally. The teenager be fixs adventuresome, and experiments with take issueent motifs. This plays an important role in finding iodines relations to oneself, assorts, and opposite sex.During this beat, the adolescent battles over his own set of values versus the set established by promotes and early(a)(a) adult figures. The adolescent in any case begins to take on more control of trainingal and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents self-dependence and a scent out of responsibility become app atomic number 18nt, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their stance in it. This cogitation on the effect of family musical arrangement to the psychosocial using of adolescent is vital as a closure of gravelth in which identity formation is addressed. This female genitalia be registered to mean that the role of family is change magnitude or that family has only a limited role in the lives of young people at this time.Research shows, however, that ongoing positive family connections are protective factors against a range of health risk airs. Although the nature of relationships is changing, the continuity of family connections and a secure stirred base is crucial for the positive using of young people. The occupy on the effect of family system to the psychosocial increase of adolescent demonstrates the importance of the family role in turn outering children establish their identity upon reaching adolescence. This show do use of the of the Family arrangement surmisal which consists the family orga nize, family interactions, and family functions and Eriksons Psychosocial increase Theory. by this possible action, this completeledge work been very effective in identifying the effect of family system to the psychosocial phylogenesis of adolescents.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYFamily members are pro basely affecting each others thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living nether the equivalent emotional skin.- (One Familys Story by Murray Bowen)The lab mellowed shallow of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was set-back slamn as the Philippine College of avocation Laboratory high up enlighten in 1955 which tends to offer a platform in secondary direct that get out affiliate to the rising expert developments during that time of the cyber age. Laboratory naughty Schools or demonstration teachs are basal or secondary develop operated in association with a university, college, or other teacher education institution and apply for the training of future teachers, educational experimentation, educational question, and professional development. Students in the secondary level are expected to be more matured than they were in their parti managey days. The Laboratory High School (LHS) aims to practice the discipline, the academician excellence, the nationalism, and the commerce among their pupils.Philippine School of trade was converted through the Republic Act 779 into the Philippine College of Commerce which offered the 4-year bach of Science in Business reading, an academic development that do imperative the establishment of a secondary crop where senior Bachelor of Science in Business precept take formans could ob parcel out and practice-teach. on that point were only eight pioneer teachers when the query lab high aim opened in 1955. Listed in the roster were Virginia Aldana, Purificacion Cecilio, Ruth David, Norma Diamante, Fulcida Eligado, Luz Gonzales, and Gloria Talastas. They were soo n joined by 18 new recruits Natividad Agana, Lydia Camit, Racquel Bernardo, Elsie Borja, Carolina Calderon, Fermin Cruz, Rosalina de Lara, Ernesto Dumlao, Luisa de Lara, Soledad London, Celia Rejuso, Julie del Rosario, Tomas San Pedro, Elena Sta. Ana, Francisco Santos, Victoria Tanjutco, Carmen Tupas, and Lydia Villa. Serving at the helm of the school was a succession of qualified and competent principals Apolinaria Seva, Brigido Sadsad, Gloria Talastas, Angelina Manapat, Rosario Battung, Josefina Tan, Rosa Guirao, Fe Salting, Charito Montemayor, LiceriaLorenzo, Carmencita L. Castolo, and the incumbent Corazon C. Tahil.The trek to computerization began when Prof. Charito A. Montemayor initiated the computerized enrolment. Ably succoring her was an alumnus of the LHS, Prof. Angelito Pastrana who was connected with the PUPILS, a congregation of IT specialists tasked to handle the computerization projects of the University. Dr. Liceria Lorenzo continued what her predecessor started. During her term, report cards were likewise computerized. The LHS observed its Golden Anniversary with aplomb. The big event involving the alumni, faculty (including the retirees), and administrators was ably supervised by Dr. Lorenzo.The original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago in 1938 is now what most laboratory schools find out as the imitate of experiential education base. John Dewey before wrote close the benefits of experiential education in 1938, explaining, There is an intimate and needful relation amidst the processes of actual experience and education.(Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 7) Dewey suggested that each students experience will be individualized based on past experiences, and not all students will take away the same outlook of the concept. Thus, the experiential learning classroom mimics society, where all people have different views of topics and development.Dewey asserts that not all experiences are attestedly or evenly educative (Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 13) and suggests that in constructive education, the tincture of the experience is essential. Dewey alike maintains that in order for education to be progressive, there must be a solid philosophy that privileges experiences that are fruitful and creative and that grow subsequent learning experiences.It is human to have a long puerility it is civilized to have an even longer childishness. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it in addition leaves a life-long residue of emotional im due date in him. Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) concord to Erik Erickson adolescence ranges from 12-18 years old. Teens during this time need to develop a wizard of self and personal identity. Teens during this time are in their secondary level of education (Arlene F. Harder. The growthal Stages of Erik Erikson). achiever to this stage will lead to an ability to stay true to oneself, slice failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self-reliance. affectionate relationship during this time is one of the most important events in this stage.The first social environment of an individual is within his family. Therefore, whatever a child may acquire to his family will be his al-Qaida in liner off the society. only when individuals during this time are more expose to school environment than to family environment, which means that superior agnate guidance should be exercise. modulation from childhood to adulthood may confuse or insecure them close to how they will fit into the society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and miens. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. The family should be the one who supports their adolescent child throughout the altogether period of transition.This particular moot attempt to tak e care the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of the quaternate year students in Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School year 2012-2013 Figure 1.1 Vicinity map shows the vicinity map where the study is conducted. Figure 1.2 Vicinity map shows the Laboratory High School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines where the neighborhood where the interrogation was conducted.Figure 3. The Family System TheoryTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORKBowens Family System TheoryThese assumptions are diagramed in figure 1. The components and their relationship to the whole system are as follows1. Family structure consists of the descriptive characteristics of the family. This includes the nature of its social status and its ethnic and ideological mode. These characteristics are the input into theinteractional system. In this study, the family structure apply is the structure match to authority which is the 2. Family interaction is the hub of the system. It is the process of interaction among family members that determines the linguistic rules by which the family is governed. This is the familys level of cohesion, its adaptability, and its communication style. Finally, these interactions subject area together to serve individual members and collective family needs.3. Family function is the output of the interactional system. Utilizing the resources available through its structure (input), the family interacts to produce responses that fulfill its needs. This is the relationship of the family.4. The family life cycle introduces the element of change into the family system. As the family moves through time, developmental and non-developmental changes alter the family structure and/or the familys needs. The family life cycle in this study includes the Accepting Adolescence, or the stage of adolescence, this includes the developmental changes of the individual as change increases. Particularly this includes a. hire with emerging sexual identity of child.b. Accept increasing influence of equal conference.c. Promote specialization and autonomy of child. According to Dr. Bowens in his Family System Theory or the Bowen Theory views the families as living organisms and stresses boundaries, rules, expectations, and miens that help the family maintain equilibrium. Bowen family systems supposition is a theory of human deportment that views the family as an emotional social unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected and family members so profoundly affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions and relationships. Erik Erickson Psychosocial Development (Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion)The eight-stage theory has a definite age span for each social stages, and in this study that cerebrate on the student ages 14-16 years of age, which belong to the fifth stage of Psychosocial development, the Identity vs. Role Confusion stated that during this stage of development the child struggle to find his or her identity and the social interactions with friends and family. The child acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt and is newly concerned with how they appear in front of other people. Adolescents may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life but there is possible identity disturbance on the part of the child, changes on the social relationship generally on the peer group and family, emphasis on the peer preferences and social interactions.These are the following psychosocial changes undergone by the Adolescents during the fifth stage of Psychosocial Development according to Erik Erickson a. Independence baberen are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in scathe of career, relationships, fa milies, and housing. b. Family and Friends Relationships Adolescence is often a time when the values and behaviors of young people are said to become increasingly contrasted and detached from those of their parents and other adults. Generational Stake Adolescents have a carry in believing that their parents are limited, old-fashioned, and out of touch. This divergence happens with good origin a Adolescents do need to break free from their parents to find their own way.Peer RelationshipRelations with peers are vital to the transition from childhood to adulthood. There are four special, constructive functions realizeed by peer relationshipspubertal self-help Adolescents find friends where they rat adapt the consecutive changes happening to their development and somatic changes in their body.Social support Adolescents seeks protection against and confusion at their age level experiencing the same developmental changes from childhood to adulthoodIdentity formation Adolescents t end to have friends that would be having the same characteristics that would mirror and clarify his or her Identity.c. Exploration of Identity Explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity. The goal of many teens is to establish an identity. Identity Achievement Ericksons term for increase of identity-ideally established by reconsidering the goals and values set by the parents and culture, then evaluate some and rejecting others. Three specific facets areas of identity achievement follow in this study 1. Ethnic (Cultural)2. Gender3. GroupCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK arousal PROCESS OUTPUTSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSpecifically, the explore will function the following questions in this studyHYPOTHESISThe following null hypotheses were tried in this study. There is no hearty relationship amongst 1. There is no significant relationship between the Family System and the Psychosocial Development of the respondents. signification OF THE STUDYResearch prognosticates that the dev elopment of a childs behavior is strongly influenced by how salutary his or her family functions. It is during this time that children are dependent upon adults to correspond their needs that their concept of the importance of family develops. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of awareness of family influences on the well-being of a child.The research aims to know how the members of the family affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions how they interact with other people and how they function as a family. This paper will provide explanations of high school students behavior and emotionality when it comes to their families and peers. The survey instrument utilise in this study requested demographic selective information. Research limitations/implications Research, teaching and practice must be conducted with the recognition of the family system relative to the students progress in the school. Social implications Recognizing the family system for its uni que social contributions will have blow on future research, teaching, and practice. Originality/value This review of previous research offers police detectives a broader and comprehensive view of the family system, and their respective interactions.Researchers, educators, and practitioners will benefit from this paper. To the Parents, this research will aim to help the family develop a much broader fellow feeling of the child. It will also give benefits on how to guide the child on their crucial stages in life. To the Teachers, this research will be of help for big(p) the child a much sort outer view of his surroundings. It will surely help teachers in nurturing or developing a childs genius or behavior inside the classroom. In get a lineing the current developmental changes the students are undergoing, the teacher will have a clearer view of the nature of his students. To the future researchers. The research of the study will hope to the full become the guidelines of the fu ture researchers that will provide them the selective information and assertation related to their present future research work.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSThis study is limited only to Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus at Sta. Mesa Manila during the academic year 2012-2013. The well- cognize psychologist, Eric Erikson, said that adolescence needs help to cope with their struggles to know who they are, what they are and what they will become if they are to establish a clear sense of identity. This study will help students of same age and educational attainment to determine the role of their family into their lives and their psychosocial factors determining identity and relationships as they go through their adolescent years.Determining the factors of family system to the psychosocial development of the students is the direction of this research. The information needed will be gathered using the survey questionnaire. wholly infor mation and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of students.DEFINITION OF TERMSAuthoritative approach Best form of classroom management style, it is the one most besottedly associated with appropriate student behaviors. authorizationThe power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes jurisdiction the mighty to control, command, or determine. Bumps To demote, promote or dismissCollaborative approachA situation in which to or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. Demographic dataRelating to the dynamic balance of state in particular with regard to density and substance for expansion or decline. in a bad way(p) Suffering from anxiety, sorrow or painExperiential EducationA philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and a student that infuses direct experiences with the learning environment and content. Family System Theory refer that individuals cannot be tacit in isolation from one another, but kind of as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Gradual changeProcess occurs in small stages over a long period of time, sort of than suddenly. IdeologyA set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political economical or other system. International System A complete, coherent system of units used for scientific work, in which fundamental quantities are length, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance and mass. IT medical specialistSpecialist typically focus on a specific computer network, database or system administration function. Lessening To reduce in size of it, extent or degree.PredecessorOne that precedes especially a person who has previously employed a position or office to which another has succeeded. Progressive EducationA reaction against the traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of sagaciousness what is being taught. Psychosoc ial Development How a persons mind, emotions, and maturity level develop throughout the course of their lifetime. Self-EvaluationA process in which an individual rates the quality of his or her own work. technological DevelopmentApplication of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. VitalFundamentally concerned with or affecting life or living beings as (1) tending to renew or refresh the living invigorating (2) destructive to life mortal champA person who has special knowledge or skill in a field.CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED books FOREIGN LITERATUREAccording to Gavazzi and Sabatelli (2003) the measures of family system patterns of interaction and the individuation process were examined as mediators of psychosocial development in a precedent of college students. Included is an initial exploration into the bodily structure and development of self-report, paper-and-pencil instruments designed to measure the two exceedin gly complex constructs of specialism and individuation.Indicators of family conflict, parental intrusiveness, and psychological interconnectedness were found to be significant predictors of psychosocial maturity, financial support the conjecturalal expectation that distance regulation patterns indicative of well severalise families and age-appropriate manifestations of the individuation process would be independently and interactively related to psychosocial adaptation. Also, the exploration of gender-related differences revealed that males were significantly more financially and psychologically independent from family members than were females but did not differ on any of the other family system and individual variables explored. According to Martire and Schulz (2000) Interactions with close family members have consequences for the emotional and somatic well-being of individuals who are dealings with a chronic somatic illness.Therefore, inclusion of a close family member in psychosocial interventions for chronic illnesses is a logical handling approach that has the potential to get along the cause of intervention on the patient and also benet the family member. However, randomized, controlled studies indicate that such family-oriented interventions generally have small effects. The efficacy of these treatment approachesmight be enhanced by targeting specific interactions that emerging research identifies as promoting or derailing healthy behaviors and by better incorporating strategies from family caregiver interventions. In addition, family oriented interventions should be more fully evaluated, by assessing the benefits for both patients and family members. proximo research in this area can tell us much about how and when to involve family in treatment of specific chronic illnesses and, in turn, may inform abstract feignings of the impact of family interactions on health. Psychosocial or behavioral interventions for chronic illness, such as pati ent education, support groups, and cognitive behavioral therapies, have been shown to have effects on health and emotional well-being that surpass improvements accomplish with usual medical care alone (i.e., medication or surgery). Because of the relate between family relationships and chronic illness management, some researchers have incorporated a close family member such as the spouse in these interventions.The rationale for involving a family member in treatment can be found in the bio psychosocial model of health and illness and specific marital and family-systems frameworks. These conceptual models and frameworks have been supported by empirical evidence showing that close social relationships, especially the marital relationship, affect biological systems, health behaviors, and psychological well-being.In the book of Jossey Bass The health of adolescents Undertaking and facilitating biological, bahavioral and social development.(1992) On the third chapter of the book there discussed the psychosocial changes in the development of an adolescent. It is include the Psychosocial Development of the Adolescent, during the unblemished process of maturation and separation-individuation, the adolescent has a personal set of task to be accomplished in the service of identity formation. During early adolescence, the intensity and exclusivity of earlier attachments to the parents begin to give away. At a time of change magnitude urges and physiological readiness for erotic aggressive action, closeness to family members can be quite threatening. While an expanded peer life and increased social activities facilitate distancing. In the book titled Influence of parenting style on adolescent competency and substance use.Journal of early adolescence by Diana Baumrind suggested the convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children that the legal age of parents queer one of three different parenting styles. There are four kinds of parenting. First is the Authoritarian parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules normally guides in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation.Second is the Authoritative Parenting like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents monitor and impart cle ar standards for their childrens conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperativeThird is the bailable Parenting Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very a few(prenominal) demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow large self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (1991). Permissiveparents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent.Lastly is the Un relate Parenting an uninvolved parenting style is chara cterized by few demands, low responsiveness and diminished communication. While these parents fulfill the childs radical needs, they are generally detached from their childs life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children.In the book titled boor Development. 8th ed. United States of America Pearson Education, Inc. By Berk Laura stated that Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely disregard throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small magnetic declinations of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence.An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories they preferably focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development, such as cognitive or social growth.Theorist Erik Erikson also proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory encompassed human growth throughout the entire human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development was focus on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. Success or failure in dealing with the conflicts at each stage can impact overall functioning. During the adolescent stage, for example, failure to develop an identity results in role confusion. Learn more about this theory in this article on Eriksons stages of psychosocial development. local LITERATUREAs further discussed in the book, Family The Seat of Education, the home is the inhering school for the child. Because it is the parents who brought their children to the world, it is the natural reclaim and duty of the parents to provide their children with good education so that they may achieve the purpose for which they were created. The home is the best school and the parents are the best teacher for their children. Because of the necessity of education in the home, it is important that the parents realize how grave her obligation is, and not to neglect it or perform it with indifference. It is said that the mothers heart is the childs schoolroom. nap is said to have exclaimed that The future destiny of the child is al shipway the work of the mother.The Philippine Family a spectrum of Views and Issues, Perez (1995) wrote that The family is still the basic building-block of Philippine society. No less than the Constitution of the Republic has expressed this. The family provides the average Filipino with a permanent reservoir of emotional security and support. Children are expec ted to seek parental advised and guidance on matters that deal with their future. If a child is natural the eldest, he behaves and interacts with his parents and siblings in the capacity and not in any other way, insofar as son-parent and other older-younger sibling relationship are concerned.According to Ms. Vicky Cantada (2002), a C bring down for Family Ministries (CeFam) counselor, the development of emotional quotient of children depends on how emotionally profound their parents oare. You cannot teach a child to be emphatic if the mother or father themselves do not have empathy. She also cited elements for good parenting strain Time and Effort. Children can easily pick up feelings and moods, whether they are of low or high intelligence and it depends upon the parents on how they will be able to become role models to their children. However, it does not follow that if a child has a high IQ she will have a high EQ or vice versa. There are other factors that lead to a childs IQ and EQ.Ms. Cantada discussed the five hallmarks of emotional intelligence and it consists of the responsibilities of the parents in instilling to their children the self-awareness, managing emotions, self-maturation empathy, and managing relationships.Parents should be emotionally intelligent themselves, for them to teach how to become one to their children. For if not, the children will grow up as emotionally immature as their parents were.It emphasized the role of parents in the emotional growth of their children. Parenting styles thus, will come in clearly, as to how their styles will be effective in superlative emotionally intelligent children.In the book titled Sociology, Culture and Family intend (A Conceptual, Experiential and Interactive Approach) by Wilfredo R. San Juan el al. in Chapter 21 of his book that humankinds most basic and oldest social unit is the family.. It is a social institution primarily established by society to cover its continuity and to regulate the sexual behavior of its members, since the infant is born lost and dependent the family has been socially constructed to insure that there will be adult members who will look after the infants biological and emotional nurturance and safety.The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The family provides the childs social, psychological, and emotional needs affection, intimacy, affection, nurturance, care and security. Thus, the family has been called the then nursery of human nature. Delicate and fragile as he is, so that he is better equipped with knowledge and adaptive skills before he is transplanted to the more or less inhospitable forces of the bigger society.Mona Gonzales (1995) shared Our haggle carry enormous power and in dealing with our children it is necessary that we dissipate whats helpful from whats harmful. Contrary to the maxim that a parent should always be consistent, especially in discip lining their child, they say it is all discipline to change your mind and live more in terms of your genuine feelings of the moment. Contrary to the belief that parents know whats best for their children, it is all right to let a child make his own decisions however impractical the process may seem. For you are preparing him for future independence. Contrary to the notion that if a child expresses strong emotions, we must tone the down they say we can acknowledge his feelings and in that way give him strength and health. The disciplinarian feels nothing is wrong with telling a child he is a liar, taciturn or lazy, if what he says is the truth.This, they believe would help the child improve himself. But a childs improvement is based on treating him as if he is already what hes capable of becoming. Basically children are mirror images of us. support you ever observed your three-year-old playing with her dolls? Chances are she imitates things you tell her and what you do for her. Treat your child rudely and with disrespect and she will grow up to be a spoiled brat- a smaller version of everything she picked up from you. Remember that there is such a thing as undisciplined discipline. But treat her with love and respect for her own globe and individuality, and you will have contributed to this world a humane and strong person- a cathedral in a world of condominiums.Since parenting has no course or degree to get enrolled to or a clear enumeration of its effects, Mr. Jaie Ferrer (2000), pointed out in his article, that, parents use a variety of techniques when it come to dealing with their children. These several(a) styles have varied effects on children. Despite the differences, the general rule is for the parent to strike a balance between discipline and openness. The combine of both parental control (how restrictive parents are of their children) and parental warmth (the amount of affection and encouragement parents show them) greatly affects a childs per sonality-her social competence, concept of self, level of aggression and internalization of example values.In his book titled The Filipino Family by Medina T.G. According to Medina (2001), the family is a familiar topic but there is a need to footmark back & study it in particular & scientific lenses as personal experiences alone could be very limited & may not be interpreter of other families in the society. The family have certain characteristics As a social group, it is universal. It is a significant element in mans social life. Nowadays, changes in the family (e.g. from traditional structure to non-traditional structure as will be discussed later) are happening brought about by the changing economic modality & technological advancements but it has remained a basic institution.It is the first social group to which an individual is exposed. Family relationships last along & an individuals earlier & longest experience in living takes lay out in a family setting.The family affe cts the individuals social values, disposition, & outlook in life. The family is thesource of the individuals ideals, aspirations, & basic motivations. The family is said to be the link between an individual & the bigger society. In this way we can say that a persons interaction &/or attitude inside the family unit affects or is a determinant in how that person interacts in the familiarity that his family belongs.Logically, from the assertion above, the family is understood to provide continuity of social life.It is a major agent in the transmission of culture which also affects &/or reflects the culture of the society especially the individual. LOCAL STUDIESIn the study titled Parenting Practices That Help Promote The Development Of Positive Social Behavior Among Preschool Children Wthin The family. by an MA Psychologist Maria Perlita Embuscao De Leon of the College of psychological science of the University of the Philippines. The research used data from fifteen 2-parent families residing in a community turn upd in Dalandan, Valenzuela City, with at least two children and one of whom is between the ages 3 to 6 years. There were also certain socialization patterns within the family system that may either promote or hamper the development of the social behaviors among the preschool children.The particular focus of the research include from (1) to identify the behaviors which parents posit as prosaically, to explore the parents perception about their roles, influences, and parenting practices in teaching social behavior to their preschool children, to discuss socialization patterns within the family that help promote the development of positive social behavior among preschool children and to determine ideas, plectrons, and feelings of the preschool children in the manner by which they are being disciplined and taught positive social behaviors.The research utilized a classic minuets no graphic approach which allowed for a 6-month home visit. Finally, face-to -face interviews were also conducted with the parents of those families. The finding of the research suggest that the local concept that is best related to social behaviot is mabuting asal which is also an umbrella term that covers not only prosocial attitudes, but also other positive social bahaviors such as having love of God, having integrity, being responsible, and studying well. The parents also believe that children are naturally naive, passive, forgetful, thus their primary role in developing prosocial bavior to their childrn is to teach them proper rules of behavior, to model to their young ones what proer behaviors are, and to remind them constantly of what to do and what not to do.The findings further suggest that the microystem of the home, specifically the parents own influence to their childrn, is believed to be the environment which best promotes the development of positive social behavior among young children. There were also identified elements in the microsystem of the neighborhood which both facilitat and inhibit the development of proper social conduct. In the research titled The Effect of Family size on Parenting Behavior and Child Development by Rachel Ann Rosales Parr the study pointed concerns in investigation th relationship between the varialble family size or the numvber of the members of the family and the level of development of a child living in a local setting where the family incom is on or below the poverty treshold. The study looked into parental bahavior as a posssible moderating variable in the relationship between family size and child development.This study shows that that a larger family could imply more children competing for parental time and resources (which are assumed to be scarce) thus adversely affecting the level of development of a child. Studies also exist suggesting a negative correlation between childrenss intelligence are not necessary at-risk for developmenta set-backs.In the study titled Family and Peer Inf luence on Adjustment among Chinese, Filipino and exsanguinous Youth by an associate Professor named Mayumi Anne Willgerodt. The study focused on the issue of the parent adolescent relationship. Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and gaga behaviors among Asiatic American adolescents in particular, cross-ethnical and longitudinal examinations are wanting from the extant research.The objective of the study is to test and compare a theoretic model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and godforsaken behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. Data was utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health the sample comprised 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. St ructural equation modeling was used to test the theoretic model for each heathen group separately, followed by multiple group analyses.The result of the study gained useful and quality informations. The measurement model was examined for each ethnical group, using both unweighted and weighted samples and were deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretic model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and furious behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple group analyses of the theoretic model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another.Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. prox research should be directed towards incorporating var iables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing, and validating findings from this study.In the study title, Family resilience and Filipino Immigrant families Navigating the adolescence life-stage conducted by Jacqueline de Guzman, the study investigated the pagan family mise en scenes of Filipino Immigrants families and their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development. The systems theory of family resiliency served as a framework to interpret how Filipino mothers experiences and navigated these challenges.Using qualitative approach, 20 Filipino mothers of adolescents between the ages of 13-19 years were interviewed, investigating their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development and the strategies used to overcome these challenges. Discussions of these topics correspond with the systems of theory of family resilience. Overall, the implications of the study reinforce the usefulness of resilience-oriented pa radigm to understand how immigrant families mobilize cultural resources during difficult challenges to foster family empowerment and strengthen family relations.FOREIGN STUDIESIn the study on Rebecca Ann Branton of the Roehampton University titled How old Looking at young childrens development., This case study relates to academic literacy in the following ways understand the expectations and requirements of the study of childhood (including the need to recognize and apply different perspectives) recognize and articulate theoretical expectations, models and requirements and apply them to the study of childhood. Develop skills in critical listening, reading and digest of text and data, the development of argument and the communication of text, data and analysis in written and spoken form develop the capacity for intellectual enquiry and critical autonomy which enables students to form their own views and locate themselves within the range of perspectives and practices encountered in the study of childhood.This study tried to achieved the activities in which in doing this activity with students, this study is trying to achieve a number of things To highlight students awareness of the parts played by social and cultural experiences, both for childrens development, and for the ways in which their own values and beliefs have been influenced by their cultural backgrounds and experiences.To support students understanding that published guides to development, such as Sheridan (1997) can only give a broad indication, and may be unhelpful if, as Arnold (199934)* suggests, There can be a tendency, when considering norms to see them as outcomes to be achieved and as judgements of a particular child. To highlight the idea that childrens development is not smooth or orderly, and each child does not make progress like climbing the rungs of a ladder. To support a view of young children as competent, skilful and very complex. To focus on what young children can do rather than on what they cant. To support the first-hand experience element of the module, by encouraging students to focus on what they actually see rather than on norms of behaviour against which they map childrens achievements.In a recent study of Kenneth G. Langone titled A Family Systems military position of the Foreign Study from the School of Medicine of the New York University. This study is focused on family systems perspective which reflects a shift in our understanding of human behavior. This shift is from a search for a single cause or chain of causes within an individual resulting in a behavior, to understanding the behavior as having multiple causes. Behavior both shapes and is shaped by the context in which it occurs. Family therapists do see behavior as reflecting the individual childs internal makeup, including genetic factors.These are constantly influenced by the childs experiences in the environment and the major systems or ecology, in which he lives, (for most children th e family and school). But family therapists also see childrens behavior as influencing the way that the environment responds to them, in turn influencing the childrens response. Family systems therapists believe that these patterns of shared influence can be repetitive from generation to generation and can generalize to different settings because people tend to re-enact family patterns.Families influence their childrens development in many areas their cognitive and academic skills, speech and language ability, behavior and social competence. Families also have an opportunity to help with the additional challenges confront by children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Family-oriented therapy, whether used as the primary treatment or in combination with other treatments, such as medication, behavioral management programs, cognitive behavior therapy, educational assist, and other modalities, has been successful in treating a range of emotional, behavioral, academic and psy chiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Family therapy enables families to recognize how the entire family is impacted when a child has a problem.By facilitating a climate of family support and education, family therapy helps family members understand interrelated problems, communicate more effectively with each other, and work cooperatively to generate strategies to help the child. In this issue of the NYU Child Study Center Letter, the authors describe a family systems perspective for understanding the interaction of mutual influences on sustaining family patterns, the contributions of nature and nurture in problem formation, and the ways in which family therapists work to engage the family as a team for problem solving.In the study titled The psychosocial adjustment of maltreated children Methodological limitations and guidelines for future research by Vivian Shaw Lamphear, M.A. Several empirical studies on the impact of revilement on childrens psychosocial adjustment we re recently reviewed in this journal 1. quest a brief overview of the findings from that article, the present paper summarizes the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed and discusses guidelines for future research in this area. In order to advance knowledge of child contumely squeal, we suggest future studies should include the following (1) precise operational definitions of maltreatment (2) adequate verification of the absence of maltreatment in the control groups (3) identification and control of maltreatment covariates and (4) consideration of subjects age in group assignment. Future investigations should also employ more longitudinal research designs and give more attention to the treatment needs of the child.The study The impact of family and peer differentiation levels on adolescent psychosocial development and problematic behaviors by Stephen M. Gavazzi PhD, Dawn E. Goettler MS, Scott P. Solomon MS, Patrick C. McKenry PhD examined the impact of family differe ntiation and peer differentiation levels on adolescent problematic behaviors and psychosocial maturity. specialization levels were assessed dyadic ally in both the family and peer systems. Results revealed family differentiation to be the sole predictor of adolescent problematic behavior.Additional regression analysis indicated that peer differentiation was a significant predictor of psychosocial maturity, along with the significant impact of adolescent gender and age. Family X Peer interaction terms were not significant predictors of either adolescent personal adjustment variable. Results, which display both consistencies and variations with the findings of previous research, are discussed in terms of their clinical implications.In the study titled Perceived family Interactions and Psychosocial Development of Family Members by Olga Poljak kraban stated that differences between the parents and the adolescent daughters perception of family interactions (relating to important qualitie s of parenting and the family competence) in the period of childhood and adolescence, as well as their connectedness to the psychosocial development of family members (especially adolescent daughters). The research is based on Beavers (Beavers & Hampson, 1993) systems model of family functioning and Eriksons (1980) theory of psychosocial development. The research included two-parent families of female adolescents.The main findings of the research are that daughters and their parents perceive the interactions in the family system differently. The daughters evaluations were the lowest, i.e., the most critical. All family members experienced a drop in the quality of interaction during adolescence. In terms of perceiving family interaction, the families became clearly divided on the competence continuum into two groups. Correlations between the familys competence and the level of the adolescents psychosocial development were significant, albeit not high, as were the correlations between the levels of psychosocial development of the parents and the adolescents. Keywords perceived family interactions, parenting, family competence, psychosocial development, late adolescence.CHAPTER 3 inquiry METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGNThe descriptive research method was used in this study, particularly the normative type survey. descriptive research was used in this study. Descriptive research described the Effect of the Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the quaternate years students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. In this study, it involved the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the data. This study focused on the present remaining conditions of the program and its beneficiaries. As described by Estolas, descriptive research is one that describes or interprets What is. It reveals conditions and relationship that exist or do not exist, practices that prevail or do not prevail, beliefs or points of view or attitudes that held or are not held, processes that are going on or otherwise, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. Descriptive research attempts to interpret the present.Estolas added that the purpose of these designs is to describe the status of the events, people or subjects as they exist. Descriptive research usually makes from type of contrast, comparison and sometimes, in carefully mean and orchestrated descriptive researches, cause and effect relationship may be established in some extent. Aquino also describes descriptive method of research as an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a group. It also includes studies that seek present facts, acts, or condition or any phenomena.THE RESPONDENTSThe main respondents of the study entitled The Effect of the Family Systems to the Psychosocial Development of the adolescents. are 4th year students of the Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Phi lippines Mabini Campus during the academic year 2012-2013. Sixty respondents will be chosen by the use of random sampling. POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZEAs shown above, the total number of respondents was 75, with 35 Females and 35 Males.THE INSTRUMENTPolytechnic University of the PhilippinesCOLLEGE OF EDUCATIONMabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila affectionately RespondentsWe, the third Year students of the Bachelor in Business Teacher Education Program of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines will be conducting our research entitled The effectuate of Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the Senior PUP-LHS SY 2012-2013We are requesting for your cooperation for the fulfillment of this study. Rest certain that all answers should be treated with confidentiality.Researchers,POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LABORATORY HIGH civilize (PUPLHS) PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTINSTRUCTION Rank each statement by checking the column according to the following5- ALWAYS 4-OFTEN 3 -SOMETIMES 2-SELDOM 1-NEVER(at all times) (frequently) (occasionally) (rarely) (in no means)1. are you close with your parents?2. Do you spend your free time with your family?3. Do you eat at the same time with your family?4. Are you close with your siblings?5. Do you have conversations during meal time with your family?6. Does your family provide your major expenses?7. Does your family allow you to go out with your friends8. Does your family show concern about your problems?9. Does your family provide rules about time limitations with your friends?10. Does your family set rules regarding your studies at school?11. Do you make decisions on your own?12. Have you make decisions about your career on your own?13. Do you consider your friends in decision making?14. Do you ask the permission of your parents about your career in college?15. Do you ask the view of your parent in terms of choosing your friends?16. Do you spend more time with your friends rather than your family?17. Do you want to spend more time at school rather than at home?18. Do you discuss your problems with your family?19. Do you consult your physical changes to your friends?20. Do you spend leisure time with your friends? (hang-out, watch movies, play sports, malling,)21. Do you spend lunch breaks with your friends?22. Do you ask your friends for help in school works?23. Do you share secrets with your friends?24. Do you have conversation about school matters with your family?25. Do you have conversation about personal and emotional matters with your friends?26. Do spend academic group works with your friends?27. Do you enter the same Academic Clubs with your friends?28. Do you prefer the same type of habiliments of you friends?29. Do you hang out friends with the same gender?30. Do have common traits with your friends?31. Do you have the same language/dialect with your friends?32. Does your being culturally aware equips you to reach out to the families of your friends?33. Does understanding yo ur own cultural identity helps you in establishing identity?34. Do you hang-out with people who are from cultures that are different from yours?35. Does your understanding of your own culture shapes your sense of who you are, as well as your place in home, school, and society?36. Do you prefer expenditure time with girls?37. Do you prefer spending time with boys?38. Do you like fashion for teenage women?39. Do you like doing household chores?40. Are you concerned in cosmetology?41. Do you like playing sports?42. Do you like playing online games? (Dota, RAN Online and the like)43. Do you spend time chatting with your friends online?44. Are you interested in mens fashion clothing?45. Are you interested in industrial arts? (Electricity, Wood working, Automotive, etc.)46. Do you belong to a certain group? (Circle of friends, group organizations, community organizations, etc.)47. Do you do the same thing what your groups are doing?48. In decision making, do you consider your group/circl e of friends?49. Do you share your important secrets to your group?50. Do you go to recreation areas with your friends?DATA-GATHERING PROCEDURESThrough the use of the questionnaire, the data were drawn from 60 number 4th year students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. The researchers set an appointment with the students as to the date, time, and place of the survey. Each was asked to answer the list of questions. This research, in order to obtain the want results in relation to the objective it aims to accomplish, employed the normative-survey method which standards in this study are established in determining quality data. The facts obtained were subjected for careful potpourri and thorough analysis and interpretations. The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey was comprise d of 55 questions, which were related to the variables studied.The questionnaire was made with great care by the researcher and was drafted by the writers with the able assistance of their lead researcher who gave valuable help and suggestions for the quality of the survey. After the conceptualisation of the questionnaire, the schedule and the distribution of the devise was acted upon. After the professor validated the questionnaire, these were distributed to the 4th year students of PUPLH Manila.The researchers understood that peoples consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being anonymous. Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers collected the surveys. In able for the researchers to secure reliable data and facts for the study from the respondents who could understand the questions, the researcher availed the schedule which is a set of questions asked and fill ed by the researchers in a face to face situation. In addition, the researcher guided the students who had difficulties in understanding the questionnaire in able for the fact and data recorded were pertinent in the development of the study After all of the required number of questionnaires was answered, the researchers tabulated the data according to their profiles. A tabulation sheet was then used in order for a more systematic and organized tabulation. STATISTICAL interpositionAfter all of the desires respondents had finished answering the questionnaire made a tally of the total number of boy and girl included. The group used secern Random Sampling. In this sampling technique, the group got random samples in a universe of discourse which was composed of several 4th year high school students in PUP Laboratory High school. From each of these sections, the sample size was drawn proportionately by 60 students.The variables given and questions were computed to identify its egregio us through the number of questions given. The equation used in computing the come out of the variable is as followsIn getting the sample size, the group used the Slovens formula which is, n= number of high school students in PUP Laboratory High school, N stands for the whole population of the 4th year High school students of PUP Laboratory High school who were enrolled in school year 2012-2013.

Family Matters: Literary Analysis of the Veldt and Heart of a Dog Essay

Family Matters Literary Analysis of The veld and substance of a chase after A family whole is like a fragile, expensive artifact. It shag be absolutely beautiful, but it crumb also absolutely shatter into a million pieces if the wrong entity gets ahold of it. Sometimes, this critical entity that shatters it may be applied science that has been apply in the wrong ways. In both The Veldt, by Ray Bradbury, and Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov, the power of technology threatens to bring dash off the family social unit as the reader comm precisely knows it.The technology in for each one hold first grows the idea of family, but ultimately ends up hurting the fond dynamic of the family it had hoped to expand. These books explore the problems that technology causes that were originally trying to fix them. In this way, technology helped to support these families initially, but eventually knocked them d consume, shattering them hopelessly into the ground. In Ray Bradburys The Ve ldt, the Hadley family lacked technology to make their lives easier, to a greater extent flush unornamented, and as a life enhancer. They made their house do everything possible to motorize ordinary household chores.The Happylife Homeclothed and fed and rocked them to sleep and contend and sang and was good to them (12) this indicated the attempt to create an environment that would be free of worries. The nursery, the phantasmagorical play place George Hadley had installed because nothing is too good for our children (14) was so amazing that George was filled with admiration for the mechanical genius who had conceived this room (15) In this sense, George was doing what he could for his family, trying to bring them closer by providing the means to a happier existence for his kids, as well as his wife.With every chore interpreted cathexis of, what worries could one possibly leave? As the family would eventually arise out, there were quite a few problems. Very quickly did this dreamlike world filled with easiness and carefree living come crashing down on the Hadleys. With her regular duties such as cooking and cleaning taken up by the omnipresent house, Lydia Hadley was deprived of her usual sanity she finds in her chores. She vents about her replacement as a caretaker in the family when she states, I finger like I siret belong here. The house is wife and mother now, and nursemaid. rump I compete with an African veldt? Can I give a bath and scrub the children as efficiently or quickly as the automatic scrub bath can? I cannot. (16) While the house was designed to make Lydias domicile life much less stressful, she laments the fact that her place in the family has been overtaken by an inanimate object, and that she has lost all hope of connecting with her family. She is also not the except person whose role has changed via the houses do everything programming. Lydia comments on her married mans nature by saying You look as if you didnt know what to do with yourself in this house, either.You smoke a little moredrink a little moreneed a tranquillising every night. Youre beginning to feel unnecessary too. (17) These mechanical tools that were mean to increase family bonding time by taking away chores contract kind of induced a sense of laziness. This was a critical pure tone for the Hadleys, replacing everyday work not with enriching playtime, but with sheer boredom, masking how this technology has worsened their conditions. The technology essentially replaced George and Lydia as parents and caretakers, setting the gift for a social upheaval in the family.When the nursery was left to its own devices, the kids, Peter and Wendy, grew in power, give earmingly overthrowing George and Lydia, ceasing to listen to them anymore. A chilling character of this is when George threatens to turn off the house and Peter coldly states, I dont think youd better consider it any more, Father. To which George replies I wont have any threat s from my son (23) This shows how the power offset has shifted from the adults to the kids. Peter turns into a cold, mean-spirited son when George keeps threatening to turn off the house, boldly proclaiming Oh, how I hate youI wish you were dead (26) This is simply signal a few pages later when the kids lock George and Lydia into the nursery with the lions, to be savagely murdered. Over the course of just a short time, the reader witnesses how the technology of the house had overturned a seemingly happy family into a socially backward, messed up family. In Mikhail Bulgakovs Heart of a Dog, Philip Philippovich uses his surgical practices in order to create a family unit, which ultimately runs astray. Philippovich uses his technology on the domestic dog Sharikov in order to transform he dog to a tender and assert his dominance over this human that he creates. It is an incredible undertaking in technology that starts with a positive thought about creation, and ends in pure mis ery and despair.While Preobrazhensky may not have the stereotypical family situation, it can be argued that by asserting his status as master of Sharikov, Preobrazhensky was claiming his status as a father figure for Sharikov. oneness such time where Sharikov calls Philipovich his dad is during a meal in which Philipovich is universe very impatient with Sharikov, and Sharikov retorts, saying Youre getting too rocky on my, dad. (70) While Philipovich gets very defensive about this statement, and doesnt want to be called a dad, the fact that Sharikov even considers this a possibility is a huge telltale sign into their social structure of the home. It is also essentially the beginning of the end for their life as a family unit. While the technology of the surgery may have led to a creation of a family dynamic between Sharikov and Preobrazhensky, however, eventually this analogous dynamic eventually crashes, and the same technology used to create a human being to a dog, transforms t hat same human back into a dog.This represents the dismantling of a family unit by the hands of the same technology that set it up in the first place. Philippovich has an epiphany near the end of the novel, realizing he does not need to be a creator, a father figure, when nature itself will take care of the creating. Preobrazhensky grumbles, The surgery might be possible to turn a dog into a highly advanced human. But what the hell for? Doctor, the human race takes care of this by itself, and every year, in the course of its evolution, it creates dozens of outstanding geniuses who invest the earth, stubbornly selecting them out of the mass of scum (103).This is when he decides that the technology he has been using to create his family dynamic is essentially useless, and that the technology of the surgery only caused him more harm than good. In comparing these two books readers can see how the use of different forms of technology worked on each family unit in similar ways, leading to a destruction of family. In The Veldt, the Hadley family comes as an already established, traditional family structure, however, upon the introduction to technology seemingly falls apart at the seams. This is contrasted to theHeart of a Dog, where the definition of family is slightly different. In this book, the reader can see how technology singlehandedly create and then pull apart a family structure, effectively showing the immense power that this technology has. In each book, however, we can see the huge difference that this technology makes on the family. The Veldt has a murderous ending which can be solely attributed to the refreshed technological advances of the nursery. The Heart of a Dog displays a harsh unless familial father-son relationship that breaks down with the misuse of the powerful technology that created it. through with(predicate) these two novels the reader discovers how technology, when misused, can cause the serious destruction of family. both Bradbury an d Bulgakov challenge the notion that technology is always progressive in nature, and instead offer an alternative, showing how technology can instead break and change integrity an important social institution. Both stories can be looked at as at one point incredible artifacts which, via the mistaken power of technology, collapsed onto themselves and tattered into mess.

Communication Basics Answers Essay

1.3 Communication Basicslearning objectivesDescribe how the discourse principles and misconceptions in Chapter 1 are evident in a specific business office. Assess the postulate (physical, identity, social, and practical) that communicators are attempting to satisfy in a given situation or relationship. Apply the transactional blabber model to a specific situation.Instructions recitation the case below and the discussion questions that follow to discuss the variety of communication issues involved in effective communication. Make notes on this page, add different pages on your own, or prepare a group report/ synopsis based on your discussion. Add your own experiences to individualize the analysis. CaseKristie and Jacob yield been dating one another exclusively for four months. They both create part-time jobs and hope to complete their college studies within two years. Jacob thinks they should move in together. Kristie is reluctant to agree until she has more(prenominal) commi tment from Jacob. Jacob doesnt want to adopt promises he cant keep. Kristie thinks that if they just communicate more they go forth be able to solve the problem, but Jacob thinks that talking about it more wont help.1. What needs (physical, identity, social, and/or practical) do Kristie and Jacob seem to kick in?It seems that both need each others presence but Kristie wants more of a committed relationship than Jacob, she wants him to be all in but Jacob feels its extra to communicate with Kristie & get and understanding he rather just desexualize things happen than to talk about making them happen.2. Identify one portion of the communication model that might help explain some of the communication problems they are having and help them communicate more effectively.A part of Kristie & Jacobs problem could be their separate environmentschanneling their miscommunication creating a window of bad noise. So peradventure if they were in a positive environment together theyd fork o ut a better understanding of each others wants.3. What communication principles and/or misconceptions draw in Chapter 1 may be operating in this situation?Kristie seems to have a content dimension magic spell Jacob is relational because Kristie wants to talk about things and have better communication to move former while Jacob rather act first and discuss later.4. What likely role leave mediated communication play in the scenario?Mediated communication is compete a likely role in this situation due to the concomitant both Kristie & Jacob are still in school and working that could be the leading cause of their communication.5. How would you advise Jacob and Kristie to proceed with their communication practices?My advice to Jacob & Kristie moving forward would be to make time for them to find a common foothold to understand each other & find a way or so their separation if they feel the relationship is worth it and compromise for each other.

Savvy by Ingrid Law

Savvy by Ingrid Law. C all over Illustration by Terese Dikun. dial Books, 2008. Ages 12 and up. Savvy is a story about an unusual family, the Beaumonts, whose family members agitate powers coined dig at the age of 13. The Baumonts sons, for example, stomach cause hurricanes and sparks with their savvies. The myth begins with Mibs, the youngest of the Beaumont clan, as she nears the eve of her thirteenth birthday and is excited to discover what her savvy would be.However, tragedy strikes a mere two days before her 13th birthday as Poppa, the Beaumont patriarch, figures in a terrible accident 90 miles away from home. What ensues is an extraordinary adventure fueled by Mibs unwavering vox populi that her savvy would be able to save Poppa. Riding a beg rickety bus and accompanied by her two brothers and the preachers kids, Mibs embarks on a journey to awaken her savvy and prove she can save the day. Ultimately, Savvy is a story about growing up and coming to know and accept ones elf and others.It teaches about learning and seeing beyond appearances and appreciating what is skin deep. Savvy is a wondrous tale of hope, love, and redemption. The novel tie the idea that each and every individual is very special, with unique gifts that show that person unique. Ingrid Law craftily manages to incorporate all of these into a brief yet elegantly written novel while still do the story and the characterization a priority, resulting in a book that leaves the reviewer filled with all sorts of wonderful emotions even after turning over that last page.

Host based Intrusion Prevention

Intrusion undercover work Systems (IDSs) recognize the presence of malicious code within trading that flows by means of the holes punched into the firewall, our first layer of defense. Though, the word intrusion ferret oution is a snatch of a misnomer.Richard Kemmerer and Giovanni Vigna of the University Of California, Santa Barbara, elucidate in an article in the IEEE security and Privacy magazine Intrusion contracting systems do not detect intrusions at allthey only identify evidence of intrusion, either spot in progress or after the fact. (Edwin E. Mier, David C. Mier, 2004)An IDS recognizes security threats by detective work s butt joints, probes and attacks, however does not block these patterns it only reports that they took place. Yet, IDS logged data is invaluable as proof for forensics and incident handling. IDSs as healthy detect internal attacks, which ar not seen by the firewall, and they help in firewall audits.IDSs can be split into 2 main categories, footed on the IDS alarm triggering mechanism anomaly sensing- found IDS and misuse detection-based IDS.Anomaly detection based IDSs report deviations from frequent or pass judgment doings. Behavior other than normal is measured an attack and is flagged and recorded. Anomaly detection is as well referred to as profile-based detection. The profile describes a baseline for normal substance abuser tasks, and the quality of these user profiles directly has an effect on the detection capability of the IDS. Techniques for constructing user profiles comprise (Nong Ye, 2003).Rule-based approachNormal user behavior is characterized by creating rules, however analyzing normal traffic is a complicated task. A related approach is protocol anomaly detection.Neural networksThese systems are trained by symbolizeing them with a large amount of data, together with rules regarding data relationships. They then meet out if traffic is normal or not abnormal traffic raises an alarm.Statistical approachA ctivity profiles describe the behavior of system or user traffic. Any deviation from normal triggers an alarm.The advantage of anomaly detection is that it can identify previously unknown attacks and insider attacks, without the need for hints that is., predefined attack profiles.One more realize of anomaly detection is that its impossible for the attacker to know what activity causes an alarm, and then they cannot assume that any particular action will go undetected.The impairment of anomaly detection is that it produces a large number of false positives that is., alerts that are produced by legitimate activity. In addition, besides being complicated as well as hard to understand, building and updating profiles as well need a lot of work.The other most important approach, misuse-detection based IDS (also called signature-based IDS), triggers an alarm when a match is found to a fingerprint-a signature contained in a signature database. These fingerprints are footed on a set of r ules that match typical patterns of exploits used by attackers. As in that location is a known database of exploits, there are few false positives.The loss is that misuse-detection IDSs can merely detect already-known attacks. Besides, the fingerprints database needs to be incessantly updated to cargo deck up with new attacks. The majority IDS products in the market at present use misuse detection.

Lurhmann’s Romeo Essay

The first camera-shot is the television at a spiritualist shot we lately whizz in, while the television image show ups the name of the families, then a news reporter. This shows the families argon heavy to be on headline news. The female reporter says about half the prologue, when the camera stops zooming, merely as she nears the end the camera zooms again.When she finishes he reading the camera zooms through the television quite rapidly. As it passes the overwhelm it continues to zoom down the street extremely spendthrift this also shows the films speed. The zoom comes to a stop and freezes for a few seconds and a big phantasmal icon. This is the first sign of irony, because in the action packed film they lock up receive time to notice God. The unison is a choir with a loud volume, quick pace, it has a sinister tone because it is high fling and quite quick it break down threatening, choir is high male voices to pay off the sinister speed and change of the notes.The voiceover starts and the music beget quieter and drop keister the voiceover it is equable play but a push-down stack quieter. A sound of a helicopter tramp be heard, the camera zooms out. It comes to the family tree of the twain families of Capulet and Montague. The shot changes to fire, this symbolize war, anger and aggression between the ii families.This is connect by the voiceovers words of From ancient grudge his voice sounds aggressive, this shows his anger. As he says the words headlines from newspapers appear. This show mesomorphic families and modern times. These newspapers have heads wish Montague Vs Capulet, From ancient grudge, New Mutiny and Civil Blood makes civilized hands unclean These headlines appear as the voiceover says them. It shows the modern families that spans of a flow of time. With the quick change of the headlines it shows us it is continu altogethery changing.There is a groovy skid to two tall buildings with one has Montague on the other has Capulet with a holy icon in the middle. This show power on some(prenominal) sides and religion caught in the middle. This also shows irony that God is between the two feuding families. At this point the music gets louder to build tension. As the music gains momentum, in that respect is a long shot of another religious icon to that they all believe in God.The music gets even louder as they show the characters. They pay back with two men of the families both be big stocky and powerful looking men, they both wear suit and shirt, the shirts be worn nonchalantly without a tie, they are big to represent that they are the head of the families.The women are very different the Montague Lady is sprucely spruced up with neat hair. She looks a few years younger that her husband, she looks intelligent and get along with. Lady Capulet is young, a lot younger than her husband, blonde with puffed out hair this is more fashionable and so young age more. This also so that she is as mature o r smart or tidy as Lady Montague. Prince is smartly dressed, with an angry face, he is the authority figure.Paris is smartly dressed this shows he is a business man, his vanity is show by his neat but floppy hair and his little smile. Mercustio is lively but can get angry shown by the close-up of his eyes with a mean, aggressive stare.There is a straight cut as the music gets louder and a series of fast cut images, mainly about violence and nuisance between the families. The music climaxes then blends into a more drum beat. As a speciality shot of a group of men, labeled the Boys The men are acting immature and acting like boys, by shouting and being a nuisance. There attire are Hawaii shirts with the buttons undone which exposes at that place approximate bodies. This shows they are rude and obnoxious but are wimps if they were in a fight. A low shot is taken of the yellow car to stick out out. A point of view shot of Benvolio goes off.The Capulet car arrives we get a low w eight shot of the car coming towards us, this is to show they are threatening. One of the boys, who has pink hair, makes a stupid action. Abra is seen, there is an extreme close-up on Abras teeth of a metal plate. Abra is big muscular, this is show with his attire which are tight on his body. Abra has an aggressive face and looks threatening and mean.Benvolio comes back, a close-up on his face as he pulls out a gun. peak close-up on the gun so we can see the name, nervousness can be seen in Benvolios face. Benvolio is big but not as muscular as Abra. There is silence when the camera cuts to Tybalt drops a match, there is a low angle shot to show Tybalts shoes, it shows he is flash because he has silver fixs, he crushes the match, grinding it with his solid heal as it was an enemy, this is a very strong action symbolizing hatred and aggression.Tybalt has small cat like teeth, he is thin but chant and nimble. He wears black clothes which represents bad. Also he has two guns which show he is a good gun handler this also implies he is bad. He has slick hair and a little well train goatee which is a cat like feature. He has a red cannon coat with an image of Jesus on, this shows irony that they fight but still believe in God.Zeffirellis Romeo and Juliet is a tragic romantic story, I will tell you about the opening scenes of this video e.g. Voiceover, camera angles, characters, clothes and soundtrack.The voiceover is thick with a calm tone and a low pitch. They have this voice because it fits with the slow pace of the beginning of the film the tone is calm, slow but up curry. The music in the scene is of slow pace as well and links well with the slow pace of the voiceover.The soundtrack is hushed radiate rhythm with a slow and drowsy pace this has high notes and a sympathetic sound. The music sounds like it was composed during the time of Shakespeare. Because the music is slow and if flows nicely with the text which is an old style italic font, this suggests that the film is set in along time ago as well as the music.We get a high-angle camera shot at the beginning which pans crosswise the town smoothly and calmly like the music and the voiceover. The camera angle shows us a medieval town. The shot shows a river flowing in the middle of the town and all the colours are pastel and flow. The camera turns up and zooms slowly at the sun, it stops and it the big italic piece of writing saying William Shakespeare as though his is the best.Straight cut to towns court medium height angle, in the background a dollar bill and cart can be seen this shows the period of time. There is a straight cut to the Montague boys feet, kicking a dog, this show them acting badly and causing trouble. There is a long shot on the Capulets they are dressed smartly and also polite. They wear darker coloured clothes to stand out. The Montague boys are dressed in bright clothes and stand out as well but they are rude. There is a straight cut to the Montague biting his thumb which is a close up, then a close-up on the people talking. Straight cut to towns people noticing trouble, then back to a medium shot of the Montague boys.

Converse Target Market Analysis

The Nike-owned American athletic wear company has taken over its own distribution in China, move senior market staff to China and put Nike ad room Wieden & Kennedy in charge of a campaign centered on sleep with Noise, a accusative film (as well as an integrated merchandising campaign) about one(a) of the most quintessential aspects of the euphony world the course trip. Two bands, 3,584 miles In August 2008, deuce Beijing-based groups the post-punk-rock band P. K. 4, already one of the most influential bands in China, and Queen Sea Big Shark, a hybrid dance-rock group traveled more than 3,584 miles by bus for two weeks. Alongside local bands in each venue, the two groups performed in half-dozen Chinese cities Nanjing, Hangzhou, Changsha, Wuhan, Xian and Beijing. As the tour and story unfold, nine featured musicians light upon their personal journeys on the road to self-expression. The documentary was directed by Liu Feng, a filmmaker who joined Wieden & Kennedy in 2005.Th e program was created by the independent position with media-planning support from WPPs Mindsh are. Both companies also work with Nike, which acquired speak in 2003. The documentary rolled out last month and will be distributed to consumers who bargain for Converse shoes at local retailers through the end of March. Its a risky move to adapt Converses music-oriented U. S. strategy for China, because the countrys independent music look is still very small. On tour, unknown bands typically attract heaps or hundreds of people, not thousands. Chinas independent music scene doesnt have anywhere near the mass appeal it has in the West. Its at the pioneering stage at this point, but it is growing, said Cheryl Calegari, who relocated to Shanghai as Converses senior marketing director for Asia/Pacific last January. Close ties with music world Converse has cultivated close ties with the music world for decades. The Chuck Taylor All feature and other Converse shoes have been worn by musi c legends such as Sid Vicious and Blondie, and Converse created a special-edition shoe for Kurt Cobain. end-to-end our 100- course of instruction history, weve always celebrated art, music and fashion, so it was a natural follow for us to be a part of whats happening in China, Ms. Calegari said. in the lead joining Converse in 2005, she worked with fashion brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Kenneth Cole. Ms. Calegari arrived in China at about the same time the Nike subsidiary stepped up its presence in the mainland. It has increased its marketing investment and last year switched from a licensing setup to a distributor model. Converse shoes are now sold in more than 1,800 retail outlets in China.

General Translation Theories Essay

While non e very(prenominal) wiz who drives an automobile needs to down the stairsstand the doableness tooshie the cozy combustion engine, virtu wholey mavin does need to know this scheme. I whitethorn be adapted to drive my Pontiac without both knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac learns down. Then, I moldiness find approximately angiotensin converting enzyme (presumably a mechanic) who does in incident know enough theory to get the Pontiac resultning again. The analogous is true of edition theory. It is not necessary for every unmatchable to know deracination theory, nor is it raze necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything around supplanting theory.It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the Ameri fucking church at the end of the twentieth century to know something slightly translation theory, for both reasons. First, it bequeath affect the way we interpret the discussion for our throng. If we be completely unaw be o f translation theory, we may unwittingly corrupt our brothers and sisters in our interlingual rendition. Second, on that point ar so some another(prenominal) face translations available, that no contemporary pastor depart be able to escape the needful enquires some which translations argon superior.It is not my intention to provide some(prenominal)thing homogeneous an gross(a) access to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, Ill define this countersign later). Rather, I in die hard to discuss shortly the to a greater extent definitive observations, which may be useful to the pastoral ministry. 1. colloquy has three start upies. Translation theory sh atomic number 18s a offspring of concerns with what is parkly called talk theory. Perhaps the to the highest degree pregnant observation which the talk theorists wel postdate produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions Speaker (or beginning) , Message, and Audience.The much we open fire know some the accepted author, the actual message produced by that author, and the maestro audition, the better acquainted we will be with that particular act of communication. An consciousness of this tri-partite character of communication fanny be very useful for voices. presume that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you examine what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication myself, and what I am intending to relegate the actual articulates which are on this page and what youunderstand me to be saying.When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from other(prenominal) source, what an person authors circumstances are, this may help us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. s Letters from prison are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were indite rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century Ameri fuel history. If we know information about the authors audience, this may to a fault help us to understand the message itself.John Kennedys famous, Ich stash away ein Berliner speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many West German citizens had about Ameri dirty dog foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, shrewd the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in incline ). Recognizing that in amplification to the message itself, there are the devil other components of author and audience, the interpreter flaks to uncover as much information as likely about the author and audience.This is why biblical scholars spend so much condemnation exploiting to locate the circumstances of a prone epistle they are trying to chance information about author and audience, which will help complete the rationality of the particular act of communication represented by th e message. At this point, an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we only have direct get to to one of the three parties in the communicative process the message itself.Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (Paul, what in the origination did you think up about baptizing for the dead? or, How did it hit you Galatians when Paul said he wished his troublers would castrate themselves? ), it would be incorrect to suggest that we must have much(prenominal) access for any understanding to wreak place. Frequently one encounters the ebullient tell apartment to the effect that one cannot understand a biblical concur unless one understands the authors (or audiences) circumstances.The problem with such statements is that they entail that we can have no understanding without access to information which alone does not always exist. We havent any idea w ho wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be repointd in the letter itself. Does this mean that we cant understand it in any sense? I imagine not. We just have to recognize that information, which would dish the act of interpretation, is, in this display case, mis prattle. link to this warning is a second.For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, often highly conjectural of the historic circumstances under which a stipulation biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant worship. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical textbook, but they are not, in and of themselves, of any apparitional authority. Finally, we might add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their forcing out of one or more(prenominal) of these three parties from consideration.While many important debates are continuing to influence interpretive theory, our eva luation of these debates would do strong to retain a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimensions. 2. clump and Dynamic Equivalence superstar of the ongoing debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what degree, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original dustup. All translators play off that the translation should reflect faith waxy the message of the original, but all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the well-formed forms of the original language.Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would have, at one fundamental, rigid bail bond to the form of the original language ( ballock equation), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic comparing). An interlinear would come the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the NEB and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, with the RSV leaning more toward a formal comparability, and the NIV leaning more toward a dynamic comparing.It is in all likelihood fair to say that nigh contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to create the thought of the original without attempting to adjust to its form is that all languages have their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is as well as dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not downright distracting in the target language.For voice, classical tends to have very dour sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a figure of speech of open clauses connected to an independent clause. This quality of sentence structure, perfectly normal in Greek, is called hypotactic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). English, by contrast, is not so roaring with long sentences, and does not provide any easy way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others.Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 13-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that few, if any, English lectors would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the longer Greek sentences into shorter English sentences.For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original lang uage, because it is ofttimes of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great relegation make disciples. All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the regulation essence. Most English translations, however, obscure this matter by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives.Whats worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (Go). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other varietys between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making redemption as common as redeem). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions we are happier with verbs.A dynamic equivalence translation will usually reproduce the import of the Greek in a more indispensable manner in English. In 2 Thess 213, for instance, pistei aletheias, is fork outd belief in the truth (formal equivalence) by the RSV, but the truth that you believe (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, piece not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A classic example of the contrast between English and Greek syntax is evidenced by the difference in their respective employment of the participial. First, the Greek participle is much more common than the English.But the Greek participle is also used differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the The Walking Man, but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would normally produce a relative c lause, the man who walks. Because of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot fork over a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or ambiguous.Dikaiothentes in Romans 51 should not be translated, having been justified (NASB formal equivalence), but, since we are justified (RSV dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is freer from the well-formed forms of the original language he is more potential to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak of course in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being scarce victimize.For instance, in Romans 83, Paul uses the phrase dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this by the pulp magazine, which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, by the sinful nature. Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In position, he is not speaking anthropologically, but redemptive-historicly.In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous flesh, and have to ask what, flesh means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline sinful nature. another(prenominal) problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is related to their use as pick out Bibles. Since a give pass raillery may have a play of heart and souls, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a devoted Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a morespecific rendering in Eng lish, being unbound by an attempt to reproduce the same Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of soulfulness sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English run-in. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found.For instance, when Paul says he could not address the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate Spirit and flesh. And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that brio in the Spirit is redeemed life whereas life in the flesh is deuced life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated spiritual, and fleshly, the reader can forgather the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, i n effect, I could not address you as redeemed people, but as unredeemed people. But the NIV understands sarx as sinful nature in Rom 8, and sarkinos as worldly in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same square off form was employed. The shutdown of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when forefathere well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more difficult to compare individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any condition congregation, a variety of translations will be present.The teachers in the church must have the competence to spot which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. apiece is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the difficulty of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions c an be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while useful to illustrate a point, should never be used as the basic sermon text, because they reflect so good the opinions of the paraphraser.Also, childrens Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the basis of a sermon direct toward the replete(p) congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid adherence to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the study, renders it completely in take away in a setting where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation.It is a self-confessedly evangelistic translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who dresst call themselves evangelical, just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who don t call themselves Jehovahs Witnesses). In fact, dismantle for study purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more inclusive committee.Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New will I havent evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the ministers study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very successful at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high kick the bucketment of English, and a reasonably accurate representation of the original text, is perhaps the preferable text for pulpit use.3.Translation is a theological task It has start increasely clear that translation cannot veritablely be performed in a th eological vacuum. When a variety of linguistic options present themselves, theological factors can influence the decision to strike one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 104 is resolved in large part by resolving bigger questions about Pauls theology how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc.Since theology is to be sterilized by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is moderated, at to the lowest degree in part, by theological considerations, it is easy to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to keep sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a step of pre-exegesis or pre-interpretation. The first step of i nterpretation istranslation.This step will influence all other steps, so it must be approached with the entire arsenal of theological tools. semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of dealing with the substance of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative preacher may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In ground of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a mistake of how words communicate center than any other interpretive error.Since the technical foul study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a result of very valuable insights have been discovered by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. Take the English word, come off. It can appear in the next (and many more) contexts The athlete is ladder. Her nose is outpouring. We scored a come off in the ordinal inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My com vagabonder runs on Windows.For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. Shes running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is obvious that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we dont just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning semantic field and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial semantic field for run).By examining the field of possible meanings, we begin to narrow the options. Normally, there are still too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to de marchesine the semantic context. If run, for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal locomotion in some contexts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If run can mean flow, or drip, it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear.In every mean solar day speech, we do this kind of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word makes its full semantic field with it into any given context. Yet many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. Root Meanings Many people speak of motif meanings. Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists.Apparently, when people speak of solvent meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of i ts contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it wont work in most. What common etymon meaning is there in the word run which can note for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesnt move itself, but its contents do). But is there any motion concern in the statement that a person is running for an office?Is any motion taking place when a movie runs for six weeks? Is a run in a stocking a movement of some sieve? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word motion to allow virtually everything. And if we do this, then we arent learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isnt specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we dont really know why people use terms in such a broad rang e of ways as they do.But the answer certainly doesnt lie in the fact of some alleged root meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretations sake, it is better not to speak of root meanings at all. Just facial expression at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesnt mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a terms uses. If we return to run, we can determine several sub- palm. We can see run used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see run used with machines to indicate that they are operating as they should.We can see it used in quotation to putting one foot ahead of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would embrace the athlete, and, by extension, the runs in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone running around the bases). But these palm do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we oug ht to just bring root meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for the rest of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly binding field of study.Etymology is the study of the history of a words usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words revision over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a words usage is not necessarily any help in find out its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the earliest known meaning is the true, real, or, need I say it, root meaning.Gay, for instance, might well have meant joyful or carefree in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled a happy hour at a gay bar may be a very miserable experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical interpreter is not particularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly helpful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context.Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of run) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. Polyvalency refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. Run is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determine what it means in its given context. 5. row and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to love between a word and a concept.Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a range of terms. Thus, charis is a word grace is a concept which can be denominate in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, The Grace of divinity fudge in the New Testament, you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to Gods nice activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects Gods gracious character, as those who come along late in the day receive equal recompense with those who have labored all day.God graciously gives the kingdom not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic Minimalism One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not load up a given word with a lot of meaning.Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when tied to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were about magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily loaded than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context.Linguistics has made us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For biblical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts.Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 63 when it shows up. If the contextual fury of contemporary linguistics can help us see the timbre of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the trees of individual words, it will have done us and Gods kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T.David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is currently Professor of Religion and Greek at Grove City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999. Previously, he had taught for thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ TRANSLATION METHODS book of account FOR WORD translation The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. LITERAL translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. FAITHFUL translation It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical divagation fro m SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. SEMANTIC translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. COMMUNICATIVE translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.IDIOMATIC translation It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. secrete translation It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the orig inal. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ADAPTATION This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark